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Discovery of the Blood-Brain Barrier (1885) - Paul Ehrlich observed that dyes injected into the bloodstream did not stain brain tissue, leading to the concept of a protective barrier between blood circulation and brain tissue.

First Description of Working Memory (1960) - George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl Pribram introduced the concept of working memory in "Plans and the Structure of Behavior," fundamentally changing understanding of short-term cognitive processing.