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First Computer Simulation of a Neural Network (1943) - Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts published their paper describing the first mathematical model of an artificial neural network, laying groundwork for both computational neuroscience and artificial intelligence.

Establishment of the Society for Neuroscience (1969) - Formation of the world's largest organization dedicated to advancing understanding of the brain and nervous system, which has grown to over 37,000 members worldwide.

First Evidence of Critical Periods in Brain Development (1977) - David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel published their Nobel Prize-winning research demonstrating that visual cortex development has critical periods during which environmental input is essential.